We compare and contrast theCVAT and VIVAT approaches discussed in the preceding papers byMcLure and Keen and Smith with the dual VAT originally discussedin our 1998 paper. We conclude that each of these approachesseems most suitable to different circumstances, but that noneof them answers all...

This paper examines the impact of changing the extent to which tax losses are refunded to firms in a model of imperfect competition. It proposes a particular collusive equilibrium in a repeated oligopoly with homogeneous quantity-setting firms. The industry sustains tacit collusion by using...