This paper assesses the validity and accuracy of firms' backward patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from … associated with backward citations to both patent and nonpatent references. We find that patent citations reflect the codified …, as well as those used in firm basic research. We also find that firms' patenting and citing strategies affect patent …

We analyze the effect of patenting on R&D with a model linking a firm's R&D effort with its decision to patent … on R&D of changing that premium. Although patent protection is found to provide a positive premium on average in only a …

motives to patent indicate that firms patent for reasons that often extend beyond directly profiting from a patented … motives for patenting include the prevention of rivals from patenting related inventions (i.e., patent blocking'), the use of … patents in negotiations and the prevention of suits. We find that firms commonly patent for different reasons in discrete …