tariff or export subsidy is positive. Positions and expected outcomes monotonically approach free trade as party discipline … protectionist bias in majoritarian politics. When trade policy is chosen by the majority delegation and legislators in the minority … have limited means to influence choices, the parties announce trade policies that favor specific factors, and the expected …

First I describe a number of political economy approaches that have been developed to explain trade policies. All …. Importantly, there are two-way interactions in such systems. They link the formation of trade policies in the international arena … analysis of a host of important problems, such as negotiations about tariff levels or the formation of free trade areas. Recent …

Whether governments clash in trade disputes or negotiate over trade agreements, their actions in the international … arena reflect political conditions back home. Previous studies of cooperative and noncooperative trade relations have … of the structure of protection in a noncooperative trade war and in a cooperative trade agreement …

government's choice of trade policy. In the political equilibrium. the interest groups bid for protection, and each group's offer … groups may in some cases prefer to have the government use trade policy to transfer income rather than more efficient means …