Kazakhstan remains a resource-dependent country, and the overall economy experiences external commodity price volatility. Oil export revenue exerts a positive effect on the economic development of oil-producing countries; however, depending only on oil revenue will make the economy vulnerable to...

This study assesses the determinants of global value chain (GVC) participation and the relationship between the degree of GVC participation and firms' performance. The main estimation method for both analyses is a panel fixed-effect regression employing unique panel firm-level data from the...

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of most Asian economies. The main obstacle to the development of the SME sector is the lack of stable finance. Considering the bank-dominated characteristic of economies in Asia, banks are the main source of financing, and the lack of a...