national innovation systems. We conclude with a broad consideration of what these may be for the varied and variably developed … business innovation capabilities found across the EU. …

Analysis of the relationship between taxes and self-employment should account for the interplay between responses in … self-employment and wage employment. To this end, we estimate a two-state multi-spell duration model which accounts for … policy experiment simulating a atter tax schedule in the year 2000 is found to encourage self-employment, delivering a net …

equal work and small gender gaps in employment and hours worked (mainly Central and Eastern European countries), whereas … work done (Western European countries), and also in countries with large employment gaps (Southern European countries). We …

lower distortionary effects on growth and employment. These arguments have often been cited to support policy … progressive tax system with positive, albeit negligible, macroeconomic and employment impact. The magnitude of these effects …

demand shocks lower wages, employment and increase unemployment under equilibrium conditions. Furthermore, the results show … market although the return to pre-shock employment level depends on a number of factors related to the subsidy (such as …

who hire workers in R&D functions to make product innovations. The innovation process consists of distinct phases …