State and local policies increasingly restrict employers' access to criminal records, but without addressing the … underlying reasons that employers may conduct criminal background checks. Employers may thus still want to ask about a job … applicant's criminal record later in the hiring process or make inaccurate judgments based on an applicant's demographic …

Existing empirical evidence suggests a pervasive pattern of electoral cycles in criminal sentencing in the U.S.: judges …

policies that reduce competition between criminal organizations …