The presence of the ikeiretsu/i or business system is frequently cited in explaining the high efficiency and environmental adaptability of Japanese firms. It is sometimes regarded as an extension of the so-called collectivistic management or as an organization, standing between firms and...

Before taking up the task of discussing international comparisons of keiretsu transactions, one fact must be made clear. This is that this form of transactions exists in the United States as well. It, in fact, existed particularly in such durable consumer goods industries as automobiles and is...