Since the beginning of the transformation of East Germany from a socialist planned economy to a market economy, there …, and political problems of East Germany, thereby narrowing the gap between East and West Germany. This paper uses panel … West Germany observed during the first years after reunification has not been maintained. In short, some East German …

environmental conditions that are absent in smaller cities or remote and rural areas. Germany provides a clear counterexample to … such theories. We argue that a main force behind the geography of innovation in Germany is the country's federal tradition …

. In this process, the poorly functioning socialist system of East Germany adopted the formal institutions and organization … of West Germany, a western-style market economy. We investigate the effect of this integration on patenting activity by …, the gap between East and West Germany widened considerably over time. This divergence in innovation activity suggests that …

post-unified Germany. The findings suggest that the socialist regime significantly damaged this mechanism of an …