In the last few decades, Germany, similar to other developed countries, has been witnessing a sharp decline of the jobs … studies what happened to the workers in codified occupations in terms of unemployment, occupational change, and wages. Second … job codification is associated with higher unemployment and higher occupational change. It is also associated with wage …

This paper investigates the relation between changes in self-employment and changes in unemployment at the regional … distinguish between two directions of causality. On the one hand increases in self-employment may contribute to lower unemployment … rates (the 'entrepreneurial' effect). On the other hand, higher unemployment rates may push individuals into self …

This paper investigates the relation between changes in self-employment and changes in unemployment at the regional … between two directions of causality. On the one hand increases in self-employment may contribute to lower unemployment rates … (the "entrepreneurial" effect). On the other hand, higher unemployment rates may push individuals into self …

in regional employment within a rich vocational education setting in West Germany during 1979 and 2012. Results confirm … occupations has been the greatest, in Germany there is a greater trend towards occupational upgrading and larger growth in …

entrepreneurship in Germany between 1991 and 2011, the first two decades after reunification. We investigate the socio … increase in self-employment in Germany by 40 percent which can partly be attributed to the transformation process of East … Germany and to the shift to the service sector. We notice a yearly start-up rate of 1 percent among the working population …