Surface temperature is a major indicator of climate change. To test for the presence of an upward trend in surface-temperature (global warming), sophisticated statistical methods are typically used which depend on implausible and/or unverifiable assumptions, in particular on the availability of...

In this paper, it is proposed to modify autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) processes by introducing an additional parameter to comply with the criticism of Hauser et al . (1999) that ARFIMA processes are not appropriate for the estimation of persistence, because of...