Applications of the partial least squares (PLS) path modeling approach—which have gained increasing dissemination in business research—usually build on the assumption that the data stem from a single population. However, in empirical applications, this assumption of homogeneity is...

The authors propose a CTA-PLS assessment routine for measurement models. This routine applies confirmatory tetrad analysis (CTA) in a manner which is consistent with partial least squares (PLS) path modeling assumptions. The conceptualization employs a bootstrapping procedure to accomplish an...