This article improves and refines the joint product model so that it can better analyze nuclear war alliances. In particular, the refined models demonstrate that allies' responses to defense spillovers depend upon the consumption relationship (i.e., complementarity or substitutability) of the...

A neoclassical growth model is used to empirically test for the influences of a civil war on steady-state income per capita both at home and in neighboring countries. This model provides the basis for measuring long-run and short-run effects of civil wars on income per capita growth in the host...