Despite its widespread use in studies of domestic political institutions, the concept of “independence†has not been systematically applied to the study of international institutions. Most arguments regarding the ability of international organizations (IOs) to promote cooperation and...

Proponents of offense-defense theory (ODT) contend that the offense-defense balance (ODB) forms the “master key†to understanding the question of peace and war. Time-series event count models of war and militarized interstate disputes at the systemic level are used to test the...