The early work in the area of export-led growth adopted a cross-sectional framework and did not examine the issue of causality between export growth and income growth. Subsequently, this was rectified by a number of time-series studies. Since most studies in this field have adopted bivariate...

Time-series work on trade policy and growth is handicapped by the difficulty of measuring 'trade policy'. Established definitions of trade orientation such as 'bias' or the 'effective rate of protection' are difficult to operationalise in a time-series context because of enormous data...