Comparing all kinds of market entry, foreign direct investment (FDI) appears to be the most appropriate mode of foreign market. So called Market seeking FDI can be differentiated into those activities primarily aiming to realise psychic market proximity and into those activities mainly...

This article examines patterns of competence-building in foreign subsidiaries located in new member states of the European Union. Among the theoretical foundations of this paper are the concepts of dynamic capabilities and subsidiary-specific advantages. We consider subsidiary competences as a...

Drawing upon key arguments of prevailing theoretical perspectives in international business, this study aims to explain the ownership and market entry strategies of emerging country multinational enterprises (MNE) in a transition country. To this end, the Turkish MNEs' ownership (joint venture...

This article examines the transfer of innovative "soft" technologies by multinational companies (MNCs) through foreign direct investment and the diffusion of those technologies by those MNCs into indigenous firms (IFs). By drawing upon the experience of such transfer and diffusion in the...

We test and expand the Uppsala model with a sample of 109 Austrian companies active in the CEE region, representing 1,271 entries. On the one hand, our expansion of the model is based on collective learning of firms from a specific context, an issue largely neglected in IB research. On the other...

This paper explores the concept of a reverse diffusion of knowledge, that is, the transfer flowing from a company’s subsidiary to its home plant. The article presents the empirical evidence gathered in General Motors UK and Poland, where the reverse diffusion of a concept of the built-in...