Theoretical and empirical studies of consumer scheduling behavior in commuting, and the associated valuation of time and schedule delays usually ignore that consumers have more exibility to adjust their schedule in the longer run than in the shorter run, implying that also these valuations may...

There has been wide interest in private supply of roads as a solution to traffic congestion. We study its efficiency under demand uncertainty: we solve for equilibrium and optimum as benchmarks, and evaluate the efficiency of possible regulatory policies for private road operators. We obtain...

We study the efficiency of private supply of roads under demand uncertainty and evaluate various regulatory policies. Due to demand uncertainty, capacity is decided before demand is known, but tolls can be adjusted after demand is known. Policy implications can differ considerably from those...