Applies the two-factor version of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) theorem. Two hypotheses are derived. The empirical analysis offers support for the second but not for the first hypothesis when trade of each Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country with the rest of...

Applies the two‐factor version of the Heckscher‐Ohlin‐Vanek (HOV) theorem. Two hypotheses are derived. The empirical analysis offers support for the second but not for the first hypothesis when trade of each Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) country with the...

The standard measures of effective protection calculate EPRs by reference to an activity's principal product. In many activities by-products which have a positive economic value are important. Revises the standard measures to allow for the incorporation of by-products and uses an example to...

The standard measures of effective protection calculate EPRs by reference to an activity′s principal product. In many activities by‐products which have a positive economic value are important. Revises the standard measures to allow for the incorporation of by‐products and uses an example...

This article modifies a framework developed in industrial organisation analysis to identify the nature of the gains associated with pure intra‐industry exchange, and to isolate the factors which may influence their magnitude. The analysis suggests that since the magnitude of any gains is...

The distinction between nominal and effective tariffs (or protection) is well established in the theoretical literature, albeit in the context of the traditional analysis of inter‐industry trade flows. This analysis is based upon assumptions such as product and production homogeneity,...

Voluntary export restraints (VERs) have been widely used in recent years. VERs may be applied on a quantity or a ratio basis. A simple on‐equivalence between volume and ratio VERs is noted and potential political economy aspects are commented on.