Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze possible causal relationships between exports, inward foreign investment and economic growth in Portugal and identify their direction. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a three-stage procedure based on unit root, cointegration and...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze possible causal relationships between exports, inward foreign investment and economic growth in Portugal and identify their direction. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a three‐stage procedure based on unit root, cointegration...