estimates the unemployment rate that is compatible with a tolerable inflation rate of say 2 percent following roughly the … compatible with 2 percent inflation in Germany is currently around 7 percent if the definition of unemployment follows the …

and technology effects for high-skilled labor while wage bargaining institutions were holding up relative wages of low …-skilled labor. The combined effect accounts for the disproportionate increase of unemployment for low-skilled workers. …

The number of self-employed workers in Europe has been in decline since the 1990s. At the same time unemployment has … self-employed workers in the EU 15 decreases with falling unemployment, while GPD per capita at first augments but later on … diminishes self-employment. Rising real interest rates and rising tax rates decrease self-employment. Unemployment and tax rates …