We document a set of instruments that explain a large fraction of the time series variation in turnover between 1966 and 2003. We use these relations in latent variable tests that examine the number of predictable factors that drive conditional expected time-varying turnover. After refining the...

Contrary to the hypothesis that informed short sellers increase their positions prior to earnings announcements, we find that short activity declines in the pre-announcement period compared with activity in non-announcement time. This statistically significant, but economically modest, decline...