Official poverty thresholds are based on the implicit assumption that the household with poverty-level income possesses … of the assumption and explored alternative methods to account for time deficits in the measurement of poverty. I … individual approaches. I also propose a two-dimensional, time-income poverty measure that accounts for intrahousehold disparities …

persistent socioeconomic problems such as poverty and gender disparity. Women - by far the largest group of program beneficiaries … to empower and undermine prevailing structures that produce and reproduce poverty and gender disparities. Because the … remedies some of the most entrenched and resilient causes of poverty and gender inequality. The paper examines survey evidence …

profound social transformative effects. In particular, they can help address enduring economic problems such as poverty and …