We develop a general framework for computing cartel damages claims. We decompose a direct purchaser plaintiff's lost profits in three parts: the price overcharge, the pass-on effect and the output effect. The output effect is usually neglected: it is the lost business resulting from passing on...

This paper addresses the questions whether and when the pricing practices on base products may differ from those of premium products, sold with options or add-ons. Various alternative models are considered: a monopoly model, a model of brand rivalry with full consumer information and a model of...