We analyze the role of liability, insurance, and side payments for independent safety controls with unobservable care levels. By independent safety controls we mean that the accident probability depends on the care levels of two parties, and that the effects of the controls on the accident...

Business groups in emerging markets perform better than unaffiliated firms. One explanation is that business groups perform some functions of missing institutions, for example, enforcing contracts. We investigate this by setting up a model where firms within the business group are connected to...