This study was designed to examine whether several situation variables serve as moderators of the effects of leader reward and punishment behaviors for Taiwanese workers. Contrary to what would be expected from Kerr and Jermier's (1978) substitutes for leadership model, none of the situational...

We tested the relationships between Chinese employees' goal orientation and their performance, as well as the moderating effects of temporal norms (future planning and scheduling) on this relationship. Results from employees across seven different organizations in China demonstrated that the...