Traditional proximity-concentration models of the decision to serve foreign markets through exports or FDI sales tend …

This paper explores the relationship between openness to trade, immigration, and income per person across countries. To … predictors of openness to immigration and to trade for each country by using information on bilateral geographical and cultural … to immigration on long-run income per capita. In contrast, we are unable to establish an effect of trade openness on …

The enlargement of the European Union provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of the lifting of migration …

international migration. Some cover it by borrowing from a smuggling organization with a commitment to repay the loan by working in … the destination country as bonded laborers. This paper compares alternative ways of financing migration and shows that … debt bondage is optimal only if the international wage differential is sufficiently large in relation to migration costs …

predictions. First, a reduction in employment protection rules leads to an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI …). Furthermore, changes in employment protection legislation have a larger impact on the relatively mobile types of FDI. Second …

importance depending on the firm's organizational form (exports versus FDI) and the destination of the investments. In general …, FDI firms are more productive than exporting firms regardless of FDI destinations. FDI firms also have a higher demand … component than exporters and this demand component is stronger than productivity. Finally, among FDI firms, while those with a …