The traditional methods of managing human capital, creativity, innovation, and the learning culture within an organization have long over‐shadowed the management of the professional intellect. As with the resource based view (RVB) of the firm, the intangible strategic intelligence creates most...

Historically, performance appraisals were intended to focus on three areas: development, motivation, and recognition of achievement. One major purpose of performance appraisals is to determine individual merit, especially where pay for performance systems are employed. Based upon expectancy...