We examine the impact of proposed changes in US legislation to allow greater use of concentrated dairy products when producing fresh milk commodities. Although this change will allow dairy producers to partially circumvent high tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) for fresh milk products, changes in dairy...

We estimate tariff equivalents (TEs) of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) using a series of gravity equations. Our analysis focuses on New Zealand, a nation that has a comprehensive free trade agreement (with Australia) that can be used to benchmark other trade negotiations. We estimate reductions in...