A primal index of productivity change is introduced which decomposes exactly into three components: technical change, technical efficiency change and average scale economies (radial scale change). The productivity index is defined using variations of the distance function along pre-assigned...

In this paper it is shown that a well known procedure (GEKS) of transitivizing a bilateral system of productivity comparisons is implicitly a way of imposing a homothetic structure onto the data. The main implication of this result is that deviations between the bilateral and the multilateral...

The principal aim of this paper is to measure the efficiency of international airlines. We obtain measures of technical efficiency from stochastic frontier production functions which have been adjusted to account for environmental influences such as network conditions, geographical factors, etc....