The paper presents a simple characterization of the poverty orderings which are represented by a poverty measure belonging to the Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke class. All properties introduced are formulated within an ordinal framework. Furthermore, a new concept is proposed: the equivalent...

When incomes are exogenously given, U. Jakobsson ( <link rid="b12">Journal of Public Economics </link> s 5 (1976), 161-168) proved that a progressive tax structure always reduces inequality. We investigate the implications for effective progression of relaxing the assumption of exogenous incomes when individuals have...