Building upon the notion of behavioral means of control, this paper contends that the level of cultural knowledge of expatriates plays a critical role in determining the effectiveness of expatriates as a means of control over international subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs). An...

Real options investments are expected to take their greatest value during periods of abnormally high uncertainty. This important proposition of real options is empirically difficult to test, since one cannot readily find such well-defined unanticipated periods affecting large numbers of firms....

Work experience abroad can be valuable for developing global competencies that promote organizational effectiveness and individual career success. However, the literature has taken a mostly organizational perspective, with little attention about what individuals can self-initiate to advance...