on total energy expenditure. In addition, the 10 percent decline in the population share of children in the period raised … employment surveys are used to estimate the separate components of total energy expenditure related to metabolism and physical … average total energy expenditures considerably as children have much lower metabolic requirements and activity levels than …

. This paper hypothesizes that cities with more working-age adults are likely to grow faster than cities with more children … ratios, that is, with more children and/or seniors per working-age adult, grow significantly slower. Such effects are … particularly pronounced for cities with high shares of children. This result appears to be driven mainly by the direct, negative …