International cooperative ventures (ICVs) are known to be strongly influenced by the parent firms' values, practices, and systems (VPSs). However, less clear is whether and why VPSs actually adopted by an ICV are those of either parent singly, both parents jointly, or neither parent. This...

This article analyzes the duopolistic competition of Fujifilm and Kodak according to the product life cycle and "game theoretic" excange-of-hostage hypothesis of international trade and investment. It shows how each firm used its home-team and first-mover advantages to compete with the other. It...