We identify “first generation” statistics to measure offshoring as the share of imported intermediate inputs in costs … demand and relative wages due to offshoring. A limitation of these statistics is that they cannot be used to measure the … impact on real wages, and for that purpose, we need price-based measures of offshoring. More recently, “second generation …

relative to non-exporters. Employment, shipments and capital intensity are all higher at exporters at any given moment. This … exporters. The benefits of exporting for the firm are less clear. Employment" growth and the probability of survival are both …