This paper shows that how firms export (directly or indirectly via intermediaries) matters. We develop and estimate a … differ by export mode. We find that demand and productivity evolve more favorably under direct exporting, though the fixed … the WTO, its exports and export participation would have been 30 and 37 percent lower respectively …

to respond to new trade opportunities. Finally, we show that the countries that export more to the U.S. as a result of … the tariffs on China also export more to other countries. This suggests that firms are entering these countries and once … there, export not just to the U.S. but everywhere …