retrenchment or a segmentation of GVCs. World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains …

tests if select policy indicators mediate these relationships between trade integration and labor market outcomes. Finally …

. Trade policy developments are mixed. Restrictive trade measures imposed during 2018 affected 3.8 percent of world …-for-tat tariffs between the United States and China alone affected 2.0 percent of world merchandise trade in 2018. Ongoing trade … a multilateral approach and World Trade Organization reforms …

Preferential trade agreements have become deeper over time, often encompassing policy areas that go beyond traditional … trade policy, such as investment, competition, and intellectual property rights protection. In the literature, a prominent … adding a policy area to a trade agreement increases the domestic value added of intermediates (forward global value chain …

Rules of Origin as an implicit trade barrier for imports from the rest of the world. Global Value Chains are most relevant …