effect of spillovers on research productivity of firms exceeds the structural effect because it includes an active learning … expenditures and internal research expenditures. The findings are consistent with the view that learning expenditures transmit the …

This paper describes flows of basic research through the U.S. economy and explores their implications for scientific … basic research flows than was previously available. Basic research flows are high within petrochemicals and drugs and within … limited to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than …

Due to improving information technology, the growing complexity of research problems, and policies designed to foster … interdisciplinary research, the practice of science in the United States has undergone significant structural change. Using a sample of … major components, are a significant and positive determinant of research output. Outside knowledge-flows from other …