government grants. We argue that there is no single best mechanism for supporting research. Rather, mechanisms can only be … an intramural activity to largely a grant process. Finally, we observe that much research is supported by a hybrid system …

Profit on proprietary research tools is determined partly by the remedies for infringement, such as damages and … affect the incentives to develop research tools. We show that the prevailing legal doctrine of damages under liability rule … damages. This can create insufficient incentives to develop research tools. Incentives can be improved either by a property …