maintain discretion over their research agenda and allow others to build on their discoveries. This paper examines the … granting of control rights to researchers. Within this framework, openness of upstream research does not simply encourage … higher levels of downstream exploitation. It also raises the incentives for additional upstream research by encouraging the …

government grants. We argue that there is no single best mechanism for supporting research. Rather, mechanisms can only be … an intramural activity to largely a grant process. Finally, we observe that much research is supported by a hybrid system …

of the developing world introduces patent protection for new drug products. This may lead to more research on drugs to … research to products specific to developing country markets. There is some, although limited, evidence of an increase in the … provides a baseline' against which future research activity can be compared once the new global patent regime is fully …

Profit on proprietary research tools is determined partly by the remedies for infringement, such as damages and … affect the incentives to develop research tools. We show that the prevailing legal doctrine of damages under liability rule … damages. This can create insufficient incentives to develop research tools. Incentives can be improved either by a property …