This paper examines several recent avenues of empirical research into the enforcement of" intellectual property rights …

We study a dynamic model of the decision to continue or abandon a research project. Researchers improve their ideas …, subsidies have a larger impact on research output, but prizes perform better when accounting for researchers' opportunity costs …

of two terms: the effective number of researchers and their research productivity. We present a wide range of evidence … from various industries, products, and firms showing that research effort is rising substantially while research … increases in research effort that offset its declining productivity …

Scientific knowledge is believed to be the wellspring of innovation. Historically, firms have also invested in research … to fuel innovation and growth. In this paper, we document a shift away from scientific research by large corporations … also find that the value attributable to scientific research has dropped, whereas the value attributable to technical …