various dimensions of upgrading --- learning, quality upgrading, technology adoption, and product innovation. The second part …

products to China. We find causal evidence that offshoring impacts both the level and nature of innovation. In the technologies … directly related to product categories that could be offshored more easily after the policy shock, overall innovation levels … decline and innovative effort shifts away from product innovation and towards process innovation. However, we also find …

Small and young businesses are essential for job creation, innovation, and economic growth. Even most of the superstar …