States, Canada, Germany, and several other OECD countries during and after the Great Recession of 2008-09. Unemployment rates … did not change substantially in Germany, increased and remained at relatively high levels in the United States, and … increased moderately in Canada. More recent data also show that, unlike Germany and Canada, the U.S. unemployment rate remains …

per job of $30,000 per year. A complementary IV estimation strategy yields similar estimates. We also explore the …

or stifle innovation. Using three distinct sources of variation to identify rising trade exposure, we provide a causal …-level and technology class-level patent production. Accompanying this fall in innovation, global employment, sales …

quality, follow-on innovation. Winning a first patent boosts a startup's subsequent growth and innovation by facilitating …