study the effect of naturalization on labor market outcomes of immigrants in Germany. We apply recent survey data and … exploit a reform of naturalization rules in an instrumental variable estimation. In our sample of recent immigrants, linear … endogeneity of naturalization most coefficients decline in magnitude and lose statistical significance: male immigrants' labor …

of immigrants and provides information on language skills. We find significant effects of age at migration on educational … attainment and a critical age of migration around age 6. The educational attainment of female immigrants responds more strongly …

declined. We observe a large relative increase in transitions from employment to welfare. Immigrants' responsiveness to the …