information before, during, and after the 2020 economic crisis. Updating the PMT data does not improve social welfare relative to … increases social welfare. A dynamic method that uses data on shocks to estimate a variable component of income reduces exclusion … errors and limits the expansion in coverage, increasing social welfare during the economic crisis. We consider these …

to data from 12 countries, and investigate resource shares, gender gaps, and poverty at the individual level. We reject … equal sharing, and find large gender gaps in resource shares, and consequently in poverty rates, in some countries. …

that keep them from reducing poverty and inequality. To perform this assessment, we analyze three dimensions of size …: conditional cash transfers, non-contributory pensions, and other transfers. We use an international poverty line of 6.85 dollars … PPP per day (similar to the average national poverty line of upper middle-income countries) and adjust survey weights to …