informal lenders rely less on collateral with shorter distance to the borrower. …

Does distance matter for the volatility of international real and financial transactions? We show that it does, in … a broad range of real and financial transactions measures, as well as several different metrics of distance (physical … between countries that are more distant along the various metrics, and find that the different distance measures magnify each …

importance of firm-level productivity and distance-related transaction costs as driving forces of FDI. Yet the timing of FDI has … uncertainty. Likewise, distance-related transaction costs discourage FDI by latecomers considerably less than FDI by early movers. …

geographic distance and increase in the degree of trade integration with the war site. For very distant countries, output …