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This paper evaluates the political economy and structural factors explaining the collection efficiency of the Value … Added Tax [VAT]. We consider the case where the collection efficiency is determined by the probability of audit and by the … penalty on underpaying. Implementation lags imply that the present policy maker determines the efficiency of the tax system …
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-finance optimizing problem. We shows that under conditions similar to those which prevailed in Russia and Argentina prior to their …
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We investigate the event-based geopolitical shocks from the Russian invasion of Ukraine on selected agricultural and energy commodities using daily event-based structural vector autoregression (SVAR). We find that the geopolitical shock affects the markets of wheat (3%) and European natural gas...
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patterns; and possibly even export promotion, though this mercantilist use of reserves remains debatable due to possible … coordination issues. Countries following an export oriented growth strategy may end up with competitive hoarding, akin to …
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