employment effect of immigration during the liberalization of migration policies from 2005 to 2018 using a spatial approach. A … unique and manually collected data for 156 statistical regions based on the definition of the German Federal Employment … employment rate, and this negative effect is substantially larger than those reported in previous studies on the employment …

density, deindustrialization, unemployment, employment levels, and education spending. The main determinants of redistribution … are (in order of magnitude) left government, family structure, welfare state generosity, unemployment, and employment …