families suggest that parental involvement does matter, but that it depends on when it and poverty are measured, as well as the … type of involvement and the gender of the parent. Father interest in education has the strongest impact on earlier poverty …, however, neither compare with the reduction in the poverty effect as a result of father interest in school. …

poverty compels work whereas a positive wage elasticity would favour the alternative view that children work because the … boys, consistent with the view that boys work on account of the compulsions of poverty. This is less clear in the case of … requires alleviation of the poverty of their households. Trade sanctions or bans on child labour may have deleterious …