domestic fluctuations in total factor productivity relative to what would have happened in a closed economy, shorten the …

prices and diffusion. We address the question of non-random selection arising from cross-country differences in the timing of … be a substantial problem in cross-country studies on technology diffusion and yield biased estimates of the policy … variables of interest. Our estimation results suggest that standardization accelerates 2G entry and diffusion, although within …

more profitable, also speed up diffusion. The effects are robust to using instruments to control for endogeneity of policy … regimes. The results point to an important role for patents and other policy choices in driving the diffusion of new …