One almost no longer speaks about them. Neither in international forums, where sound economic policies essentially mean structural reforms, enhanced competition, trade integration and financial supervision; nor in the public debate, except to assign them objectives which are mainly out of their...

From 1950 to 1970, labour productivity levels converged between the United States – considered to be the global technological leader – Western European countries and Japan. But thereafter this process gradually became less marked before disappearing completely since the mid-1990s: while in...

Ten years ago, eleven European countries, since joined by five others, gave up their national currencies to create the euro. This anniversary is the occasion to evaluate whether the promises regarding the euro were kept. Various studies undertaken on French exports indicate that the single...