The instrument of extractive reserves has been advertised as a novel approach to reconciling biodiversity conservation and economic development. The empirical literature analyzing extractive reserves, however, delivers an ambiguous assessment of its success. This paper asks whether extractive...

U.S. and E.U. environmental policy employ criminal sanctions to enforce compliance. Recent moves toward revising their use are based on little empirical evidence as to their effectiveness. This paper exploits a unique dataset to study the deterrent effect of criminal enforcement. The dynamic...